MilliBase

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Definitions

Attributes/Values	Definitions	SourceID

+ AMBI ecological group	AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index ecological group
very sensitive to disturbance	Species very sensitive to disturbance and present under undisturbed conditions (they are present in mature systems).	390863
indifferent to disturbance	Species indifferent to disturbance, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (they are present in mature systems and slight unbalanced).	390863
tolerant to disturbance	Species tolerant to disturbance. These species may occur under normal conditions (e.g. in naturally disturbed or enriched conditions, such as estuaries), but their populations are stimulated by some disturbances, such as organic enrichment (present in slight unbalanced situations).	390863
second-order opportunistic	Second-order opportunistic species, able to resist some periods of low oxygen levels, and some concentration of pollutants (present in slight to pronounced unbalanced situations).	390863
first-order opportunistic	First-order opportunistic species, able to resist very low oxygen levels, episodes of anoxia and high concentration of pollutants, early and successful pioneers (present in pronounced unbalanced situations).	390863
+ Asexual reproduction	Reproduction which does not involve formation and fusion of gametes and results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Reproduction may occur by binary fission, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation. In asexual division in eukaryotic organisms, all cell divisions are by mitosis.	424973
yes	The taxon reproduces asexually, which is reproduction which does not involve fusion of gametes or meiosis and usually results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Asexual reproduction may amongst others occur by binary fission, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation (adapted from Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
by unknown mechanism	Asexual reproduction is detected, but the underpinning mechanism is unknown. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
by direct development of spores	Reproduction by asexual spores resulting in a new individual of the same ploidy (exospore, endospore, monospore, bispore, paraspore, zoospore, aplanospore, autospore). (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
by fragmentation	Type of asexual reproduction in which the organism breaks up into smaller pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual, as in some algae.	424973
by parthenogenesis	Reproduction from a female gamete without fertilization by a male gamete (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Direct development of a new individual from an unfused gamete. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
by vegetative propagules	Any spore, seed, fruit or other part of a plant or microorganism capable of producing a new plant and used as a means of dispersal (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Asexual reproduction by development of a new individual from a vegetative progagule. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
by binary fission	Binary fission in prokaryotic organisms, the chief mode of division, in which a cell divides into two equal daughter cells, each containing a copy of the chromosome.	424973
by budding	(1) production of buds; (2) (zool.) method of asexual reproduction common in sponges, coelenterates and some other invertebrates, in which new individuals develop as outgrowths of the parent organism, and may eventually be set free; (3) (bot.) artificial vegetative propagation by insertion of a bud within the bark of another plant; (4) (mycol.) cell division by the outgrowth of a new cell from the parent cell; (5) (virol.) release of certain animal viruses from the host cell by their envelopment in a piece of plasma membrane which subsequently pinches off from the cell.	424973
no	The taxon does not reproduce asexually, which is reproduction which does not involve formation and fusion of gametes and results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Reproduction may occur by binary fission, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation. In asexual division in eukaryotic organisms, all cell divisions are by mitosis.	424973
unknown	According to literature it is unknown whether or not this organism reproduces asexually.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Body shape	The general shape of the body of an organism.
branched	Forming main and lateral branches (and branchlets) (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
capitate	(1) Enlarged or swollen at tip; (2) Gathered into a mass at tip of stem or apex (Adapted from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's dictionary of Biology).	424973
crustose	Forming a thin crust on the substratum, appl. certain lichens, sponges, algae (adapted from Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
cushion-like	Approximating the shape of a cushion (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
discoid	(1) Flat and circular; (2) Disc-shaped (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
erect	Upright; (1) appl. ovule, directed towards summit of ovary; (2) appl. plants, growing upright, not decumbent.	424973
filamentous	Existing out of a branched or unbranched row of cells joined end to end (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
flabellate	With projecting flaps on one side, appl. to certain insect antennae (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Fan-shaped, thallus usually expanding upward from a narrow base. (macroalgae thallus; Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
foliose	(1) With many leaves; (2) Having leaf-like lobes, appl. the thallus of some lichens and liverworts (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Leaf-like (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	424973
pinnate	(1) Divided in a feathery manner; (2) having lateral processes; (3) (bot.) of a compound leaf, having leaflets on each side of an axis or midrib (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). With laterals or branches arranged along each side of an axis or branch (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	424973
prostrate	Trailing on the ground or lying closely along a surface (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
saccate	Pouched (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Inflated, or sac-like (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	424973
spheric	Approximating the shape of a sphere (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
tubular	In the form of a tube, having tubes, consisting of tubes (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what the body shape (thallus) is for this taxon.
filiform	Resembling a filament (Olivier De Clerck). Thread-like.	380501
mucilaginous	Consisting of a slippery and slimy texture (Maggs & Hommersand, 1993). Containing, or composed of mucilage (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	200744
stoloniferous	Forming a prostrate axis, lying on or in the substrate, from which erect branches arise (Womersley, 1984). Bearing a stolon or stolons (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	200706
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Body size	A measurement of the size of the organism. The measurement used to express body size varies within taxonomic groups. For example, some disciplines measure diameter, others carapace length, total body length or wing span. Also, body size can vary with sex and life stage.
+ Body size (qualitative)	Trait that describes the size class of an organism.
<0.2 mm	Individual organisms with a mean body size smaller than 0.2 mm (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
0.2 - 2.0 mm	Individual organisms with a mean body size between 0.2 and 2.0 mm (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
2.0 - 200 mm	Individual organisms with a mean body size between 2.0 and 200 mm (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
200 mm	Individual organisms with a mean body size larger than 200 mm (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Sex	The sex of an organism. The sum of all structural, functional and behavioural characteristics distingiusing males, females and hermaphrodites. (Lincoln et al., 1998). The sum characteristics, structures, features and functions by which a plant or animal is classed as male or female. In some animals sex is entirely genetically determined, in others the sex may change in response to environmental conditions. (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005)	416344
male	The attribute is valid for organisms of the male sex; the sperm producing form of a a bisexual or dioecious organism.	416344
female	The attribute is valid for organisms of the female sex; the egg producing form of a bisexual or dioecious organism.	416344
male & female	The attribute is valid for both organisms of the male sex and organisms of the female sex.
hermaphrodite	The attribute is valid for hermaphroditic organisms. Having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual (animal) or the same flower (plant); androgyne; bisexual; the maturation of the male organs before the female is protandrous hermaphroditism; the female before the male is protogynous hermaphroditism, and simultaneously is syncrhonous hermaphroditism.	416344
undetermined	It has not yet been determined for which sex this attribute is valid.
male/unsexed	The attribute is valid for organisms of the male sex or for organisms for which the sex has not yet been identified.
+ Corresponding length	Corresponding length of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
+ Corresponding width	Corresponding width of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
+ Dimension	The dimension of a body size (e.g. length, width, diameter).
length	Maximum recorded linear body length (in millimetres) excluding appendages. [Source: https://marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Bodylength]
width	A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body. [Source: https://marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Width]	424864
diameter	The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere.
height
thickness
wingspan	The distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched.
volume
corresponding length	Corresponding length of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
corresponding width	Corresponding width of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
thallus length	Maximum length observed for the regarding thallus feature.
thallus diameter	Maximum diameter observed for the regarding thallus feature.
weight
corresponding weight
standard length (SL)	The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale {because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL.	1128
total length (TL)	The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL.	1128
fork length (FL)	Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics.	1128
width of disk (WD)	The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes.	1128
prosome length	Length of the promose, which is the anterior tagma of the copepod body comprising the cephalosome plus the first to fifth pedigerous somites in gymnoplean copepods, and the cephalosome plus the first to fourth pedigerous somites in podoplean copepods.	93637
patch diameter	Diameter of a mat, cluster or tuft of individuals.	451427
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Sex	The sex of an organism. The sum of all structural, functional and behavioural characteristics distingiusing males, females and hermaphrodites. (Lincoln et al., 1998). The sum characteristics, structures, features and functions by which a plant or animal is classed as male or female. In some animals sex is entirely genetically determined, in others the sex may change in response to environmental conditions. (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005)	416344
male	The attribute is valid for organisms of the male sex; the sperm producing form of a a bisexual or dioecious organism.	416344
female	The attribute is valid for organisms of the female sex; the egg producing form of a bisexual or dioecious organism.	416344
male & female	The attribute is valid for both organisms of the male sex and organisms of the female sex.
hermaphrodite	The attribute is valid for hermaphroditic organisms. Having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual (animal) or the same flower (plant); androgyne; bisexual; the maturation of the male organs before the female is protandrous hermaphroditism; the female before the male is protogynous hermaphroditism, and simultaneously is syncrhonous hermaphroditism.	416344
undetermined	It has not yet been determined for which sex this attribute is valid.
male/unsexed	The attribute is valid for organisms of the male sex or for organisms for which the sex has not yet been identified.
+ Type	The type of a body size (e.g. minimum, maximum, average).
minimum
maximum
average
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which type this body size is.
mean
standard mean
common
+ Unit	The unit of a body size (e.g. m, cm, mm).
µm	micrometer
mm	millimeter
cm	centimeter
m	meter
cm²	square centimeter
dm²	square decimeter
m²	square meter
cm³	cubic centimeter
inches	inch
kg	kilogram
ton	ton
+ Brooding
Yes
No
+ Calcification	Mode of calcification of seaweed.
calcified articulated	Algal thallus that is encrusted or impregnated with lime with non-calcified articulae rendering the thallus a segmented nature (macroalgae).	345374
calcified non-articulated	Algal thallus that is encrusted or impregnated with lime lacking non-calcified articulae (macroalgae).	345374
non-calcified	Algal thallus not encrusted or impregnated with lime (macroalgae).	345374
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature whether or not the algal thallus is calcified (macroalgae).	345374
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Cytomorphology	This trait describes whether or not an organism is unicellular. For algae, this means the relationship between cell structure and thallus organisation. Examples include uninucleate unicellular organisms, multicellular thalli composed of uninucleate cells, multicellular thalli composed of multinucleate cells, and macroscopic thalli composed of a single giant tubular cell (siphonous or acellular thalli).	380516
unicellular	Having only one cell, or consisting of one cell.	424973
siphonous	Thallus consisting of a large tubular multinucleate cell (siphon) lacking cross-walls except during the formation of reproductive structures (note that many species of Dasycladales remain uninucleate throughout much of their life cycle with a giant diploid nucleus that only divides at the onset of reproduction). Also known as acellular.	380516
non-unicellular	Having more than one cell, or consisting of more than one cell (adapted from Henderson's Dictionary of Biology).	424973
coenocytic	Multicellular thallus composed of multinucleate cells. Also known as siphonocladous.	380516
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Development	Description of how organisms develop into adults.
direct development	Type of heterochronous development in which the embryo abandons the larval stages of development and proceeds directly to adult stage (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Animals (including humans) whose young are essentially smaller, less sexually mature, versions of the adult are referred to as direct developers (Gilbert & Bareesi, 2016). The embryos of directly developing organisms generate at once a juvenile already possessing the complete adult body plan, which then grows and acquires sexual maturity (Arenas-Mena, 2010).	424973
indirect development	Most animal species are indirect developers whose life cycle includes a larval stage with characteristics very different from those of the adult organism, which emerges only after a period of metamorphosis (Gilbert & Barresi, 2016). In indirect development, the embryonic phase generates an intermediate larva, and the post-embryonic phase generates an adult by substantial transformation and replacement of larval tissues (Arenas-Mena, 2010).	435637
lecithotrophic	Pertaining to developmental stages that feed upon yolk, and to eggs rich in yolk (Lincoln et al., 1998). Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female (Barnes et al., 1993). Feeding on stored yolk, as in some sea urchin larvae (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
planktotrophic	Feeding on plankton (Lincoln et al., 1998). Feeding at least in part on materials captured from the plankton (Barnes et al., 1993). Feeding on plankton (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
+ Dispersion mode	1: The pattern of distribution of organisms or populations in space. 2: The non-accidental movement of individuals into or out of an area or population, typically a movement over a relatively short distance and of a more or less regular nature; cf. migration. (Lincoln et al., 1998)	416344
aplanospores	A non-motile spore, without power of locomotion (Lincoln et al., 1998). A non-motile resting spore (Henderson's Dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005). A non-motile, asexual spore ((Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.).	416344
monospores	A simple or undivided spore.	424973
motile spores	Spores are flagellate and can therefore disperse. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
one motile gamete	Only the male gamete is flagellate and can therefore disperse. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
two motile gametes	Both male and female gametes are flagellate and can therefore disperse. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
vegetative fragmentation	Type of asexual reproduction in which the organism breaks up into smaller pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual.	424973
thallus fragmentation and drift	A part of the thallus can be lost and drift. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
vegetative propagation	Any spore, seed, fruit or other part of a plant or microorganism capable of producing a new plant and used as a means of dispersal (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Vegetative reproduction by propagules that can also be used as a means of dispersal. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
presence of buoyance structures	Individuals exhibit gas-filled structures that favourise their floating. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
species cultivated or sold in aquaria trade	The species is cultivated or sold in aquaria trade. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
species growing on artificial substrate	The species is growing on artificial substrate such as harbour walls, boat hulls, piers, buoys. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which dispersion mode this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which dispersion mode this taxon has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Environmental position	Position relative to substratum or fluid medium (air/water).
endolithic	Growing within a rock or other hard inorganic substratum; petriculous; saxicavous; cf. epilithic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Living or penetrating into rock, as some algae and fungi (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
endophytic	A plant living within another plant; entophytic; cf. ectophytic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Bacterium, fungus or alga living inside the body or cells of an organism to which they cause no apparent damage. alt. endosymbiont (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
endozoic	Living within or passing through the body of an animal; entozoic; cf. epizoic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Living within an animal or involving passage through an animal, as in the distribution of some seeds (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
epilithic	Growing on rocks or other hard inorganic substrata; petrophillous; cf. endolithic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Attached on rocks, appl. algae, lichens (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
epiphytic	1: A plant growing on another plant (the phorophyte) for support or anchorage rather than for water supply or nutrients; aerophyte. 2: Any organism living on the surface of a plant. (Lincoln et al., 1998). Plant that lives on the surface of another plant but does not derive nourishment from it (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
epizoic	Living attached to the body of an animal; used of a non-parasitic animal that lives attached to the outer surface of another animal; epizoan, epizoism, epizoite, epizoon; cf. endozoic (Lincoln et al., 1998). (1) living on or attached to the body of an animal; (2) having seeds or fruits dispersed by being attached to the surface of an animal (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
unattached	Growing without attachment to any type of substrate. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
epipsamnic	Growing in or on sand or other soft inorganic or organic substratum (Olivier De Clerck). Attached to sand particles (Lincoln et al., 1998).	380501
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Feedingtype	A mixture of the feeding method/behaviour (how the organism gathers food, and from where; e.g. predator) and the food type/diet (what it feeds on; e.g. carnivore) of an organism.
carnivore	Flesh-eating; creophagous; sarcophagous.	416344
commensal	Participating in commensalism. Commensalism is symbiosis in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply whilst the other species is not adversely affected.	416344
deposit feeder	Any organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter in or on the substratum; a detritivorous organism.	416344
non-selective	Feeding group category for marine free-living meiobenthic Nematoda. Group 1-B: With cup-shaped, conical or cylindrical mouth-cavity, without any armature. Food obtained as above with additional help from active movements of lips and the anterior part of the mouth-cavity itself. Material available as food as above though larger objects (e.g. diatoms) are now being swallowed. Non-selective deposit-feeders.	181619
selective	Feeding group category for marine free-living meiobenthic Nematoda. Group 1-A: Without any mouth-cavity (though sometimes with traces of it). Food obtained mainly by means of the sucking power of the oesophagus. Consistency of material available as food most probable soft or floating. Large and hard particles never found in the intestine. Probably selective deposit-feeders.	181619
subsurface	Any organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. Echinocardium cordatum) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
surface	Any organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. Corophium volutator) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
detritus feeder	Any organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus); detritivore.	416344
epigrowth feeder	Feeding group category for marine free-living meiobenthic Nematoda. Group 2-A: Mouth-cavity provided with small armature. Food scraped off bigger surfaces, or else the food-object is pierced and the cell-liquid sucked through the hole made in its wall. Epigrowth-feeders.	181619
filter feeder	Any animal that feeds by filtering suspended particulate organic matter from water.	416344
grazer	Any organism that feeds on herbage, algae or phytoplankton, by consuming the whole food plant or by cropping the entire surface growth in the case of herbage; cf. browsing.	416344
interface grazer
on organic substrates	Grazing on organic substrates.
on periphyton	Grazing on periphyton. Any organism that feeds on periphyton, a community of plants, animals and associated detritus adhering to and forming a surface coating on stones, plants and other submerged objects (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
on algae	Grazing on algae. Any organism that feeds on algae, by consuming the whole food plant (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
on phanerogams	Grazing on phanerogams. Phanerogams are all seed-bearing plants (Lawrence, 2005).	424973
herbivore	Any organism that feeds on plants; phytophagous; also used of protozoans that feed on bacteria and/or othe algae.	416344
kleptovore	Feeding type specifically for Nemertea species that live inside bivalves and steal part of the food that has been filtered by the bivalve. Note that this is different from kleptoparasitism, where the female searches out the prey or stored food of another female, usually of a different species, and takes it for her own offspring (Lawrence, 2005). (The "kleptovore" feeding type was requested by the Nemertea editors during their WoRMS Editor Workshop in 2017.)
omnivore	Any organism that feeds on a mixed diet of plant and animal material.	416344
parasitic	Any organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent upon another living organism (the host) for completion of its life cycle, and which is typically detrimental to the host to a greater or lesser extent.	416344
ectoparasitic	A parasite that lives on the outer surface of its host, ectosite; epiparasite; episite; exoparasite; cf. endoparasite.	416344
endocommensal	A commensal symbiont that lives inside of its host.	416344
endoparasitic	An internal parasite which lives within the organs or tissues of its host; endosite; entoparasite; cf. ectoparasite.	416344
predator	Any organism that feeds by preying on other organisms, killing them for food.	416344
on sessile prey	Any organism that feeds by preying on sessile organisms, killing them for food (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
on mobile prey	Any organism that feeds by preying on mobile organisms, killing them for food (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
predator/omnivore	Feeding group category for marine free-living meiobenthic Nematoda. Group 2-B: With big and powerful armature of different structure. Mostly predators. Prey swallowed whole or pierced by means of spears or teeth and the liquid food sucked and swallowed.	181619
scavenger	Any organism that feeds on carrion or organic refuse.	416344
suspension feeder	Any organism that feeds on particulate organic matter suspended in water.	416344
facultative	Facultative suspension feeder. Some species (e.g. polychaetes Nereis diversicolor and Pygospio elegans, gastropods Valvata piscinalis and Viviparus viviparus, bivalve Macoma balthica, etc) are known to use more than one feeding mode, e.g. to get particles from the water column (by filtering or using mucus nets) and also collect detritus from the surface of the bottom sediments (Fauchald and Jumars 1979; Kuznetzov 1980; Tsikhon-Lukanina 1987). These species were defined as “facultative suspension-feeders” to distinguish them from those which exclusively suspension-feed, i.e. “obligatory suspension-feeders”, such as the bivalve Mytilus edulis trossulus, the barnacle Balanus improvisus or the bryozoan Electra crustulenta.	424854
symbiotic	Participating in symbiosis. Symbiosis is the living together of two organisms; the relationship between two interacting organisms or populations, commonly used to describe all relationships between members of two different species, and also to include intraspecific associations; sometimes restricted to those associations that are mutually beneficial.	416344
epizoic	1: Living attached to the body of an animal; used of a non-parasitic animal that lives attached to the outer surface of another animal; epizoan, epizoism, epizoite, epizoon; cf. endozoic. 2: Dispersed by attachment to the surface of an animal; epizoochorous.	416344
with chemosymbionts	symbiosis in which a bacterium provides chemically-derived energy and nutrients
xylophagous	Feeding on wood; dendrophagous; hylophagous; lignivorous; xylophage, xylophagy.	416344
non-feeding	Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph).
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which feeding type this organism has.
+ Host/prey	Trait that describes the host or prey of an organism.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Fossil range	Chronostratigraphic range of an organism.
Phanerozoic		421682
Cenozoic		421682
Quaternary		421682
Holocene		421682
Pleistocene		421682
Pleistocene, Upper		421682
Pleistocene, Middle		421682
Calabrian		421682
Gelasian		421682
Neogene		421682
Pliocene		421682
Piacenzian		421682
Zanclean		421682
Miocene		421682
Messinian		421682
Tortonian		421682
Serravallian		421682
Langhian		421682
Burdigalian		421682
Aquitanian		421682
Paleogene		421682
Oligocene		421682
Chattian		421682
Rupelian		421682
Eocene		421682
Priabonian		421682
Bartonian		421682
Lutetian		421682
Ypresian		421682
Paleocene		421682
Thanetian		421682
Selandian		421682
Danian		421682
Mesozoic		421682
Cretaceous		421682
Cretaceous, Upper		421682
Maastrichtian		421682
Campanian		421682
Santonian		421682
Coniacian		421682
Turonian		421682
Cenomanian		421682
Cretaceous, Lower		421682
Albian		421682
Aptian		421682
Barremian		421682
Hauterivian		421682
Valanginian		421682
Berriasian		421682
Jurassic		421682
Jurassic, Upper		421682
Tithonian		421682
Kimmeridgian		421682
Oxfordian		421682
Jurassic, Middle		421682
Callovian		421682
Bathonian		421682
Bajocian		421682
Aalenian		421682
Jurassic, Lower		421682
Toarcian		421682
Pliensbachian		421682
Sinemurian		421682
Hettangian		421682
Triassic		421682
Triassic, Upper		421682
Rhaetian		421682
Norian		421682
Carnian		421682
Triassic, Middle		421682
Ladinian		421682
Anisian		421682
Triassic, Lower		421682
Olenekian		421682
Induan		421682
Paleozoic		421682
Permian		421682
Lopingian		421682
Changhsingian		421682
Wuchiapingian		421682
Guadalupian		421682
Capitanian		421682
Wordian		421682
Roadian		421682
Cisuralian		421682
Kungurian		421682
Artinskian		421682
Sakmarian		421682
Asselian		421682
Carboniferous		421682
Pennsylvanian		421682
Pennsylvanian, Upper		421682
Gzhelian		421682
Kasimovian		421682
Pennsylvanian, Middle		421682
Moscovian		421682
Pennsylvanian, Lower		421682
Bashkirian		421682
Mississippian		421682
Mississippian, Upper		421682
Serpukhovian		421682
Mississippian, Middle		421682
Visean		421682
Mississippian, Lower		421682
Tournaisian		421682
Devonian		421682
Devonian, Upper		421682
Famennian		421682
Frasnian		421682
Devonian, Middle		421682
Givetian		421682
Eifelian		421682
Devonian, Lower		421682
Emsian		421682
Pragian		421682
Lochkovian		421682
Silurian		421682
Pridoli		421682
Ludlow		421682
Ludfordian		421682
Gorstian		421682
Wenlock		421682
Homerian		421682
Sheinwoodian		421682
Llandovery		421682
Telychian		421682
Aeronian		421682
Rhuddanian		421682
Ordovician		421682
Ordovician, Upper		421682
Hirnantian		421682
Katian		421682
Sandbian		421682
Ordovician, Middle		421682
Darriwilian		421682
Dapingian		421682
Ordovician, Lower		421682
Floian		421682
Tremadocian		421682
Cambrian		421682
Furongian		421682
Stage 10		421682
Jiangshanian		421682
Paibian		421682
Series 3		421682
Guzhangian		421682
Drumian		421682
Stage 5		421682
Series 2		421682
Stage 4		421682
Stage 3		421682
Terreneuvian		421682
Stage 2		421682
Fortunian		421682
Proterozoic		421682
Neoproterozoic		421682
Ediacaran		421682
Cryogenian		421682
Tonian		421682
Mesoproterozoic		421682
Stenian		421682
Ectasian		421682
Calymmian		421682
Paleoproterozoic		421682
Statherian		421682
Orosirian		421682
Rhyacian		421682
Siderian		421682
Archaen		421682
Neoarchean		421682
Mesoarchean		421682
Paleoarchean		421682
Eoarchean		421682
Hadean		421682
+ Functional group
benthos	Benthic organisms, or the benthos, are those that live on or burried in the bottom.	407106
megabenthos	The component of the benthos that consists of very large organisms over 20 cm in size (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
macrobenthos	The component of the benthos that consists of large organisms 2 to 200 mm in size (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
meiobenthos	The component of the benthos that consists of organisms 0,2 to 2 mm in size (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
microbenthos	The component of the benthos that consists of organisms 20 to 200 microns (µm) (0,02 to 0,2 mm) in size (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
hyperbenthos	[Organisms] living above but close to the substratum.	416344
epibenthos	[Organisms] living on the surface of the bottom. Epifaunal or epifloral.	407092
endobenthos	[Organisms] living within the sediment of a lake or sea floor; infauna. Also called endobiontic.	1128
phytobenthos	1: A bottom-living plant community; phytobenthon. 2: That part of the bottom of a stream or lake covered by vegetation; cf. geobenthos.	416344
plankton	Organisms that cannot maintain a fixed location in the water column, and are thus moved by the tides and currents.	414832
megaplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of very large organisms over 20 cm in size.	407106
macroplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of large organisms 2 to 200 mm in size (as defined, agreed and applied by the WoRMS Steering Committee).
mesoplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of organisms 0,2 to 2 mm in size.	407106
microplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of organisms 20 to 200 microns (µm) (0,02 to 0,2 mm) in size.	407106
nanoplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of very small organisms 2 to 20 microns (µm) (0,002 to 0,02 mm) in size; they are too small to catch in a standard plankton net.	407106
picoplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of extremely small organisms, 0,2 to 2 microns (µm) (0,0002 to 0,002 mm) in size; they are too small to catch in a standard plankton net.	407106
femtoplankton	The component of the plankton that consists of extremely small organisms, 0,02 to 0,2 microns (µm) (0,00002 to 0,0002 mm) in size; they are too small to catch in a standard plankton net.	414833
zooplankton	Plankton obtaining nourishment via heterotrophy. They are incapable of phototrophy; cf. mixoplankton.	414832
phytoplankton	Plankton obtaining nourishment via photo(auto)trophy and osmo(hetero)trophy. They are incapable of phagotrophy; cf. mixoplankton.	414832
mixoplankton	Plankton protists capable of obtaining nourishment via photo(auto)trophy and phago(hetero)trophy, as well as via osmo(hetero)trophy.	414832
endosymbiotic Specialist Non-Constitutive Mixoplankton	Specialist non-constitutive mixoplankton (SNCMs) are NCMs that acquire their capacity for phototrophy from specific phototrophic prey (cf. GNCM). Endosymbiotic Specialist Non-Constitutive Mixoplankton (eSNCM) are endosymbiotic acquiring phototrophy by harbouring specific phototrophic prey.	414832
Constitutive Mixoplankton	Protist plankton with an inherent capacity for phototrophy that can also exhibit phagotrophy.	414832
plastid Specialists Non-Constitutive Mixoplankton	Specialist non-constitutive mixoplankton (SNCMs) are NCMs that acquire their capacity for phototrophy from specific phototrophic prey (cf. GNCM). Plastid Specialists Non-Constitutive Mixoplankton (pSNCMs) are plastidic specialists acquiring phototrophy from specialist prey type(s).	414832
General Non-Constitutive Mixoplankton	NCMs that acquire their capacity for phototrophy from general (i.e. non-specific) phototrophic prey (cf. SNCM). Non-constitutive mixoplankton (NCMs) is protist plankton that acquire the capability for phototrophy from consumption (via phagotrophy) of phototrophic prey.	414832
nekton	Organisms that swim strongly enough to move against the current.	407106
neuston	Organisms that live right at the sea surface but remain underwater.	407106
pleuston	Organisms that live right at the sea surface, with part of the body projecting into the air.	407106
benthopelagic	[Organisms] living and feeding near the bottom as well as in midwaters or near the surface. Feeding on benthic as well as free swimming organisms. Many freshwater fish are opportunistic feeders that forage on the bottom as well as in midwater and near the surface, also pertaining to forms which hover or swim just over the floor of the sea, e.g. Halosauridae, Macrouridae, Moridae, Brotulidae; the depth zone about 100 metres off the bottom at all depths below the edge of the continental shelf.	1128
edaphofauna	Animals that spend a significant portion of their life cycle within a soil profile or at the soil-litter interface	421715
macro	Macro edaphofauna.	421715
meso	Meso edaphofauna.	421715
not applicable	The attribute "functional group" is not applicable for this taxon. This is e.g. used for parasitic taxa, to overwrite the functional group inherited from higher taxa.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Gamete type	Descriptors of the relative size of gametes.
anisogamous	Having gametes of dissimilar size, shape or behaviour; cf. isogamous (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
isogamous	Having gametes that are similar in size, shape and behaviour; having gametes (isogametes) not differentiated into male and female; cf. anisogamous (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
oogamous	Having a reproduction involving a large, non-motile female gamete (egg cell) and a small, motile male gamete (sperm cell or equivalent), except for red algae in which the male gamete is also non-motile (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	345374
not applicable	The attribute "gamete type" is not applicable for this taxon.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which gamete type this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what the gamete type is for this taxon.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Gametophyte arrangement	Trait that describes the male and female reproductive structures.
dioecious	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on the separate individual and the sex is determined in diploid phase.	380506
dioicous	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on the separate individual and the sex is determined in haploid phase.	380506
mixed	With individuals bearing only male or female reproductive structures and indivduals bearing both male and female reproductive structures in one species.	380506
monoecious	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on same individuals and the sex is determined in diploid phase.	380506
monoicous	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on same individuals and the sex is determined in haploid phase.	380506
not applicable	The attribute "gametophyte arrangement" is not applicable for this taxon.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which gametophyte arrangement this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what the gametophyte arrangement is for this taxon.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Generation time	1: The average duration of a life cycle between birth and reproduction. 2: The mean period of time between reproduction of the parent generation and reproduction of the first filial generation. (Lincoln et al., 1998). Period of time to complete a life cycle in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	416344
1 to 3 months	Life cycle completed in 1 to 3 months in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
3 to 12 months	Life cycle completed in 3 to 12 months in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
1 to 3 years	Life cycle completed in 1 to 3 years in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
more than 3 years	Life cycle completed in more than 3 years in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Irradiance preference		380501
Photophilic	Growing or thriving in habitats with high light intensity.	380501
Sciaphilic	Growing or thriving in shaded or low light intensity habitats.	380501
+ Life cycle	The type of life cycle an organism has. Life cycle according to Lincoln et al., 1998: 1: The sequence of events from the origin as a zygote, to the death of an individual. 2: Those stages through which an organism passes between the production of gametes by one generation and the production of gametes by the next.	416344
diplontic	[diplont] Having a life cycle in which the direct products of meiosis act as gametes; only the gametes of diplonts are haploid; cf. haplont (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
haplodiplontic	Having a life cycle with alternating free-living gametophyte and sporophyte phases (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	345374
heteromorphic	Organisms with the gametophyte and sporophyte of different morphology and size (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987). Having different forms at different times or at different stages of the life cycle; used of a plant having an alternation of vegetatively dissimilar generations; heteromorphous; cf. homomorphic (Lincoln et al., 1998).	345374
isomorphic	Organisms with the gametophyte and sporophyte of similar morphology and size (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987). Used of a plant having an alternation between diploid and haploid generations which are morphologically similar in appearance; homomoprhic; isomorphous; cf. heteromorphic (Lincoln et al., 1998).	345374
not applicable	It is not applicable whether this taxon is heteromorphic or isomorphic.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown whether this organism is heteromorphic or isomorphic.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature whether this taxon is heteromorphic or isomorphic.
haplontic	[haplont] Having a life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase; only the zygote of the haplonts is diploid; cf. diplont.	416344
unknown	According to literature it is unknown what life cycle this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what life cycle this taxon has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Life span	Longevity; the maximum or mean duration of life of an individual or group.	416344
annual	(1) Appl. structures or growth features that are marked off or completed yearly; (2) living for a year only; (3) completing life-cycle in a year from germination; (4) n. plant that completes its life-cycle in a year. (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Thallus which survives only one growing season (less than 1 year) (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	424973
ephemeral	(1) Short-lived; (2) taking place once only, appl. plant movements as expanding buds; (3) completing life-cycle within a brief period; (4) n. a short-lived plant or animal species (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Thallus which survives for only a few weeks (less than 1 month) (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	424973
perennial	Plant which persists for several years.	424973
long perennial	Thallus or part thereof with a lifespan exceeding 3 years (more than 3 years) (macroalgae; Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
short perennial	Thallus or part thereof with a lifespan exceeding 1 year but under 3 years (macroalgae; Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which life span this organism has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Macroalgal blooming	Types of blooming specific for macroalgae species.
yes	The species has the potential to go through episodes of intense growth and mass proliferation of the thallus under specific environmental conditions such as high nutrient and temperature conditions.	380516
no	The species does not have the obvious potential to go through episodes of intense growth and mass proliferation of the thallus under specific environmental conditions such as high nutrient and temperature conditions.	380516
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Mobility	The tendency of an organism or population to change its location or distribution with time; vagility.	416344
mobile	An organism or population that can change its location or distribution with time; mobility; vagility.	416344
sessile	Non-motile; permanently attached at the base.	416344
sedentary	Attached to the substrate; not free-living.	416344
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Modes of reproduction	This trait describes which mode of reproduction animals use to produce their young.
oviparous	Egg laying; producing eggs that are laid and hatch externally (Lincoln et al., 1998). Egg-laying (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
no parental care	There is no form of parental behaviour (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
parental care	Any form of parental behaviour that appears likely to increase the fitness of a parent's offspring.	416344
ovoviviparous	Fully formed eggs are retained and hatched inside the maternal body and are released as live offspring. No nutrition is derived from the mother (Lincoln et al., 1998). Pert. organisms that produce an egg with a persistent outer covering, but which hatches within the maternal body (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
viviparous	1: Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent; zoogonous; viviparity, vivipary; cf. larvipary, oviparous, ovoviviparous. 2: Germinating while still attached to the parent plant (Lincoln et al., 1998). Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes et al., 2006). (1) producing young alive rather than laying eggs, appl. all mammals except monotremes, and some animals in other groups; (2) appl. plants, having seeds that germinate while still attached to the parent plant, e.g. mangrove (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
no parental care	There is no form of parental behaviour (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
parental care	Any form of parental behaviour that appears likely to increase the fitness of a parent's offspring.	416344
+ Nomenclature code	Overview of the existing nomenclature codes.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)	The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).	499801
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)	The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN).	331958
The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN)	The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN).	499805
The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP)	The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP). Fformerly known as the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB).	499806
+ Paraphyletic group	A group of taxa derived from a single ancestral taxon, but one which does not contain all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor; a category based on the common possession of plesiomorphic characters (symplesiomorphy) (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
Algae	Paraphyletic group to combine all algae in Aphia.
Macroalgae	Paraphyletic group to combine all macroalgae in Aphia.
Mangroves	Paraphyletic group to combine all mangroves in Aphia.
Pisces	Paraphyletic group to combine all fish in Aphia.
Turbellaria	Paraphyletic group to combine all Turbellaria in Aphia
+ Plant habit	The characteristic form in which a given species of plant grows
tree	A woody perennial plant which has a single main trunk at least 7.5 cm in diameter at 1.3 m height, a definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of at least 4 m.	424973
shrub	Low-growing woody plant, usually less than 6 m high, that does not have a main trunk and which branches from the base.	424973
herb	Any seed plant with non-woody green stems.	424973
annual	(1) appl. structures or growth features that are marked off or completed yearly; (2) living for a year only; (3) completing life-cycle in a year from germination; (4) n. plant that completes its life-cycle in a year.	424973
biennial	Plant living for two years and fruiting only in the second.	424973
perennial	Plant which persists for several years.	424973
vine
+ Reproductive frequency	Trait that describes the fertility period of an organism.
all over the year	Fertile individuals observed all over the year. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
one long period a year	A unique fertility period lasting more than 1 month. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
one short period a year	A unique fertility period lasting less than 1 month. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
several long periods a year	Several distinct fertility periods lasting more than 1 month each. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
several short periods a year	Several distinct fertility periods lasting less than 1 month each.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Seasonality	Trait that describes the periodicity of an organism related to the seasons.
spring	The organism can be observed in spring.
summer	The organism can be observed in summer.
autumn	The organism can be observed in autumn.
winter	The organism can be observed in winter.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature in which season(s) this organism can be reported.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Sociability	Trait that describes an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species. [Source: https://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Sociability]
colonial	In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another. This association is usually for mutual benefit such as stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey. It is a cluster of identical cells (clones) on the surface of (or within) a solid medium, usually derived from a single parent cell, as in bacterial colony. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)]. Organisms that live together in large numbers, esp. where the individual organisms form part of a larger structure. Examples are some algae, soft corals, reef-building corals, gorgonians and other anthozoans, and siphonophores. (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
social colonies of unitary organisms	Unicellular and multicellular unitary organisms may aggregate to form colonies. Examples are slime molds of protists, colonies of ants and bees, breeding or nesting colonies of birds and mammals. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)]
modular organisms	Modular organisms are those in which a genet (or genetic individual formed from a sexually-produced zygote) asexually reproduces to form genetically identical clones called ramets. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)]
microbial colonies	A microbial colony is defined as a visible cluster of microorganisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)]
solitary	Living alone, not gregarious (Thompson 1995). [Source: https://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Solitary]. Solitary organisms are ones in which all individuals live independently and have all of the functions needed to survive and reproduce. [Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)]
non-territorial	Independent without a defined territory [Source: https://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:NonTerritorial]. The animal does not establish a territory to defend against other members of the same species (adapted from Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
territorial	Independent but maintains a defined territory [Source: https://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Territorial]. The animal establishes a territory which it defends against other members of the same species (adapted from Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
+ Spawning	The release of gametes or eggs into the water (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
fertilisation in the water column	Fertilization with gametes released in the water column.
fertilisation on female gametophyte	Female gamete retained on the female gametophyte (e.g. Rhodophyta).	380501
not applicable	The attribute "spawning" is not applicable for this taxon.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which spawning mechanism this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature whether or not there is spawning for this taxon.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Species exhibits underwater soniferous behaviour	Does the species actively or passively produce sound under natural conditions while submerged in water?	452925
Unknown or undetermined	There is no known acoustic, morphological, or physiological study of sound production for this species and its likelihood of soniferous behavior based on an ancestral state reconstruction analysis, lineage, or evolutionary records has not been assessed, or this species has yet to be categorized by an expert source.	452925
Does not or is unlikely to produce sound under natural conditions	Species has been the subject of one or more studies to assess its acoustic behavior, morphology, and/or physiology, none of which have provided evidence of sound production either actively or passively, and/or species does not have a likelihood of soniferous behavior based on an ancestral state reconstruction analysis that results in a probability below 0.5, lineage, or evolutionary records.	452925
Likely to produce sound under natural conditions but unconfirmed	There is no known acoustic documentation to confidently validate sound production under natural conditions by this species, but it is likely to exhibit natural soniferous behavior based on an ancestral state reconstruction analysis that results in a probability of 0.5 or higher, lineage, evolutionary records, morphological characteristics, physiological characteristics, documented sound production behavior under artificial conditions, and/or documented sound production behavior with some uncertainty.	452925
Produces passive sound under natural conditions	There is validated acoustic documentation that this species produces passive sound under natural conditions, but no validated documentation to confirm that it actively produces sound.	452925
Produces active sound under natural conditions	There is validated acoustic documentation that this species produces active sound under natural conditions, but no validated documentation to confirm that it passively produces sound.	452925
Produces active and passive sound under natural conditions	There is validated acoustic documentation that this species produces active and passive sound under natural conditions.	452925
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Species importance to society
FAO-ASFIS: Species for Fishery Statistics Purposes
OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats	OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats. Reference Number: 2008-6.	197508
Habitats Directive
IUCN Red List	International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List
CITES	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
MSFD indicators	Marine Strategy Framework Directive
HELCOM Red List		390895
+ Birds Directive Annex	Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds.	197512
I	The species mentioned in Annex I shall be the subject of special conservation measures concerning their habitat in order to ensure their survival and reproduction in their area of distribution.	197512
II, part A	The species referred to in Annex II, Part A may be hunted in the geographical sea and land area where this Directive applies.	197512
II, part B	The species referred to in Annex II, Part B may be hunted only in the Member States in respect of which they are indicated.	197512
III, part A	The activities referred to in paragraph 1 [of the Birds Directive] shall not be prohibited in respect of the species referred to in Annex III, Part A, provided that the birds have been legally killed or captured or otherwise legally acquired.	197512
III, part B	Member States may, for the species listed in Annex III, Part B, allow within their territory the activities referred to in paragraph 1 [of the Birds Directive], making provision for certain restrictions, provided that the birds have been legally killed or captured or otherwise legally acquired.	197512
+ Black Sea proposed indicators
+ CITES Annex	Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Consulted April 2015.	197517
I	Species threatened with extinction. Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances.	197517
II	Species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.	197517
III	Species that are protected in at least one country, which has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling the trade.	197517
+ Habitats Directive Annex	Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.	197513
I	Natural habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of specia areas of conservation.	197513
II	Animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation.	197513
III	Criteria for selecting sites eligible for identification as sites of community importance and designation as specieal areas of conservation.	197513
IV	Animal and plant species of comminity interest in need of strict protection.	197513
V	Animal and plant species of community interest whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures.	197513
VI	Prohibited methods and means of capture and killing and modes of transport.	197513
+ HELCOM core biodiversity indicators
+ HELCOM Red List Category
Extinct	A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.	421683
Extinct in the Wild	A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.	421683
Critically Endangered	A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.	421683
Endangered	A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.	421683
Vulnerable	A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.	421683
Conservation Dependent	Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years. (Note: The conservation dependent category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (v3.1) system these taxa are classed as near threatened, but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "conservation dependent" category.)	421687
Near Threatened	A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.	421683
Least Concern	A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.	421683
Data Deficient	A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.	421683
Not Evaluated	A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.	421683
+ Identifier
+ IUCN Red List Category	IUCN Red List Category (version 3.1)	421683
Extinct	A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.	421683
Extinct in the Wild	A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon's life cycle and life form.	421683
Critically Endangered	A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.	421683
Endangered	A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.	421683
Vulnerable	A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.	421683
Conservation Dependent	Taxa which are the focus of a continuing taxon-specific or habitat-specific conservation programme targeted towards the taxon in question, the cessation of which would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories above within a period of five years. (Note: The conservation dependent category is part of the IUCN 1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3), which is no longer used in evaluation of taxa, but persists in the IUCN Red List for taxa evaluated prior to 2001, when version 3.1 was first used. Using the 2001 (v3.1) system these taxa are classed as near threatened, but those that have not been re-evaluated remain with the "conservation dependent" category.)	421687
Near Threatened	A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.	421683
Least Concern	A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.	421683
Data Deficient	A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.	421683
Not Evaluated	A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.	421683
+ Criteria	IUCN Red List Criteria	421683
+ Year Assessed	IUCN Red List Year assessed	421683
+ Mediterranean proposed indicators - Adriatic Sea
+ Mediterranean proposed indicators - Aegean-Levantine Sea
+ Mediterranean proposed indicators - Ionian Sea
+ Mediterranean proposed indicators - Mediterranean Sea
+ Mediterranean proposed indicators - Western Mediterranean
+ OSPAR candidate indicators: Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast
+ OSPAR candidate indicators: Celtic Seas
+ OSPAR candidate indicators: Greater North Sea including outside EU
+ OSPAR candidate indicators: North Sea
+ OSPAR common indicators
+ OSPAR common indicators: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast
+ OSPAR common indicators: Celtic Seas
+ OSPAR common indicators: Greater North Sea
+ OSPAR common indicators: Greater North Sea including outside EU
+ OSPAR Region where species is under threat and/or in decline
OSPAR Region I (Arctic Waters)	Region I is the most northerly OSPAR region, characterised by its harsh climate and ice coverage although the ecosystems of this region are still rich. In spite of its low population density, human activities such as fishing and offshore petroleum production remain significant. (https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/i)	197508
OSPAR Region II (Greater North Sea)	The Greater North Sea is one of the busiest maritime areas. Offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and maritime traffic are very important. Two of the world's largest ports are situated on the North Sea coast, and the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation. (https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/ii)	197508
OSPAR Region III (Celtic Seas)	The Celtic Seas region contains wide variations in coastal topography, from fjordic sea lochs, to sand dunes, bays, estuaries and numerous sandy beaches. The large range of habitats in the region supports a diverse fish fauna. Although traditional maritime activities, such as fishing, take place in the Celtic Seas, there is ongoing development of tourism. (https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/iii)	197508
OSPAR Region IV (Bay of Biscay/Golfe de Gascogne & Iberian coasts)	The bottom topography of Region IV and coastlines are highly diversified, including the continental shelf and slope and parts of the abyssal plain. Ecosystems in Region IV are very rich, support a rich fish fauna and have a particular importance for migratory birds. Main human activities in Region IV are fishing, maritime transport and tourism. (https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/iv)	197508
OSPAR Region V (Wider Atlantic)	Region V represents the deep waters of the North-East Atlantic extending across the abyssal plain and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and including many seamounts. There have been recent discoveries of a number of different fragile deep-sea habitats (such as hydrothermal vents, carbonate mounds, coral gardens and sponge communities). Human population in the region is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. The main human activities are fishing and maritime transport. (https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/v)	197508
+ Supporting structure & enclosure	Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005).
Unsupported	The organism has no supporting structures and enclosures; no skeleton (derived from Lawrence 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Hydrostatic skeleton	Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Endoskeleton	Any internal skeleton or supporting structure (derived from Lawrence 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Exoskeleton (including shells)	A rigid external structure that supports and/or protects the body of an organism and that is mainly completely secreted by the epidermis (derived from Lawrence 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
External tube	A built-structure inhabited by an organism and essential to its survival, but not part of its body, composed of hardened (either rigid or flexible) secretions, with or without the addition of embedded particles, with those particles either selectively collected from the environment or passively becoming glued during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.).	259027
+ Structure
Solid	Massive structure, i.e. not consisting of loose agglutinated particles (derived from Lawrence 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Non-solid: cement	Component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together (derived from Lawrence 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Non-solid: particles	Small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges (derived from Lawrence 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
+ Composition
Phosphatic	Composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates (derived from form Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Siliceous	Composed of silicon based spines, spicules or lattice, e.g. siliceous or glass sponges (derived from form Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Chitinous	Composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Gorgonin	Fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Keratinous	Composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Sponginous	Composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Calcareous	Skeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structures (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Aragonite	A crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e.g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Calcite	Crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Amorphous calcium carbonate	Calcium carbonate that lacks a crystalline structure, or whose internal is so irregular that there is no characteristic external form. The term does not preclude the existence of any degree of order (derived from Neuendorf et al. 2005, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424974
High-magnesium calcite	Calcite where more than 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3 (derived from Smith et al., 2006, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	368373
Organic	(1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
Variable	Mixed and variable material (derived from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, and discussed and agreed upon by the WoRMS/Aphia editor community).	424973
+ Thallus vertical space used	Trait that describes whether an organism belongs to the canopy, sub-canopy, turf, or is encrusting.
canopy	Vegetation of macroalgae or plants partially blocking light penetration, thereby creating a shaded understory. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
encrusting	With a crustose growth form (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
sub-canopy	Forming a secondary cover, usually of 20 cm height maximum (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
turf	Vegetation dominated by macroalgae with limited vertical height, usually < 5 cm height. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Tolerance to pollutants	Trait that describes how tolerant to pollutants an organism is.
clear waters	Waters where visisbility is most of the time > 10 m. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
eutrophic waters	Having high primary productivity; pertaining to waters rich in nutrients (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
mesotrophic waters	Having intermediate levels of primary productivity; pertaining to waters having intermediate levels of nutrients (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
moderately turbid waters	Waters where visibility is most of the time > 1m and < 10m. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
oligotrophic waters	Having low primary productivity; pertaining to waters having low levels of nutrients (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
waters with variable turbidity	Waters where turbidity varies periodically. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
turbid waters	Waters where visibility is most of the time < 1m. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem (VME) indicative taxon	Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem indicative taxa based on FAO guidelines
Yes
No
+ VME Region
No regional information available
FAO fishing area I
FAO fishing area II
FAO fishing area III
FAO fishing area IV
FAO fishing area V
FAO fishing area VI
FAO fishing area VII
FAO fishing area VIII
FAO fishing area IX
FAO fishing area X
FAO fishing area XI
FAO fishing area XII
FAO fishing area XIII
FAO fishing area XIV
FAO fishing area XV
FAO fishing area XVI
FAO fishing area XVII
FAO fishing area XVIII
FAO fishing area XIX
+ Wave exposure	Trait that describes the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded.
exposed	Subject to high energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
high energy rock	Rocky substrate subject to high energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
features of rock	Specific characteristics of rocky substrate such as pools, caves, overhangs, surge gulleys, artificial hard substrata. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
semi-exposed	Subject to moderate energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
moderate energy rock	Rocky substrate subject to moderate energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
sheltered	Subject to low energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
coarse sediments	Coarse sediments such as gravel, pebbles, shingles and cobbles ocurring at sheltered locations. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
low energy rock	Rocky substrate subject to low energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
macrophyte-dominated sediments	Sediments with a high cover of macroalgae or seagrasses. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
mud-dominated sediments	Sediments composed of a mixture of clay (< 2 um) and silt (4 - 62 um) typically deposited in a low energy environment. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
sand-dominated sediments	Sediments composed of a mixture of sand particles (0.074 - 4.75 mm) typically deposited in a low energy environment. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which wave exposure this organism has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Zonation	The distribution of organisms in distinctive areas, layers or zones. It is important to note that variations in depth and definition occur depending on the source, area or research purpose. The depth ranges and definitions within the zonation attribute were agreed upon by the WoRMS Steering Committee based on diverse sources.
Pelagic zones
Epipelagic zone (0-200 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from the surface to 200 m. Because this zone has sufficient light penetration for photosynthesis, it is sometimes referred to as the photic zone.
Mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from 200 to 1000 m.
Bathypelagic zone (1000-4000 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from 1000 to 4000 m.
Abyssopelagic zone (4000-6000 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from 4000 to 6000 m.
Hadopelagic zone (deeper than 6000 m)	The depth zone of the water column exceeding 6000 m. This zone corresponds to submarine trenches.
Benthic zones
Littoral zone (0-200 m)	The littoral zone extends from the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf, typically down to 200 m deep. It is important to note that there is no single definition for the littoral zone because its full extent and divisions vary in different contexts and sources. The littoral zone includes the intertidal, but also all neritic waters within the bounds of the continental shelves. Although the littoral zone is larger than the intertidal zone, littoral and intertidal are often used interchangeably. The part of the shore covering the intertidal and the splash zone, with the upper limit marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit marked by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Supralittoral zone/Supratidal zone	The supralittoral zone comprises the area above the high tide mark. This zone is also referred to as the supratidal zone. The supralittoral zone can be further divided into the spray zone and splash zone.
Eulittoral zone/Mediolittoral zone/Intertidal zone	The eulittoral zone comprises the area between the high tide mark and the low tide mark. This zone is also referred to as the mediolittoral zone, midlittoral zone or the intertidal zone. Allhough the intertidal zone is part of the littoral zone, littoral and intertidal are often used interchangeably (see definition for Littoral zone).
Sublittoral zone/Subtidal zone	The sublittoral zone comprises the seafloor from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, typically down to 200 m deep. The shallowest portion of the sublittoral zone is sometimes referred to as the subtidal zone. Allthough the sublitoral zone is larger than the subtidal zone, sublittoral and subtidal are often used interchangeably. The part of the shore continuously covered by water, below the intertidal zone. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Infralittoral zone	The upper subdivision of the sublittoral zone, typically dominated by photosynthetic organisms.
Upper infralittoral zone	The region of the sublittoral which extends from the lower limit of the infralittoral to the maximum depth at which photosynthesis is still possible. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Lower infralittoral zone	The part of the infralittoral zone that supports scattered kelp plants. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Circalittoral zone	The lower subdivision of the sublittoral zone, typically dominated by animals.
Upper circalittoral zone	Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Bathyal zone (200-4000 m)	The bathyal zone comprises sea floors at depths between 200 and 4000 m. This zone generally corresponds to the continental slope.
Abyssal zone (4000-6000 m)	The abyssal zone comprises sea floors at depths between 4000 and 6000 m. This zone generally corresponds to the abyssal plain.
Hadal zone (deeper than 6000 m)	The hadal zone comprises sea floors at depths exceeding 6000 m. This zone corresponds to submarine trenches.
Unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which zonation this organism has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
adult	The reproductively capable (mature), fully formed, usually longest lived, stage of an animals life cycle.
juvenile	Young bird or other animal, before it has acquired full adult plumage or form.	424973
egg	(1) ovum q.v.; (2) in certain animals, e.g. reptiles, birds, amphibians and insects, a structure composed of the fertilized ovum and nutritive and protective tissues, surrounded by a protective shell, which is laid by the female, and from which the young animal hatches.	424973
larva	Independently living, post-embryonic stage of an animal that is markedly different in form from the adult and which undergoes metamorphosis into the adult form, e.g. caterpillar, grub, tadpole.	424973
planula	The ovoid free-swimming ciliated larva of coelenterates.	424973
tadpole	Llarval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly frog or toad. Also called "pollywog".
postlarva
spat	The spawn or young of bivalve molluscs.	424973
subadult
zoea	Early larval form of certain decapod crustaceans.	424973
nauplius	Earliest larval stage of many crustaceans, with three pairs of appendages.	424973
polyp	(1) Sedentary individual or zooid of a colonial animal; (2) in coelenterates, an individual having a tubular body, usually with a mouth and ring of tentacles on top, like a miniature sea anemone.	424973
medusa	One of the forms of individuals of coelenterates of the classes Hydrozoa (hydroids) and Scyphozoa (jellyfish). It is bell-shaped, with a tube hanging down in the centre ending in a mouth, and tentacles around the edge of the bell, and is the form commonly called a jellyfish. It forms the free-swimming sexual reproductive stage of most hydrozoans, and is large and conspicuous in jellyfish.	424973
ephyra	Imature medusa in some jellyfish, formed by strobilization from a polyp.	424973
megalops	A larval stage of certain crustaceans such as crabs, which has large stalked eyes and a crab-like cephalothorax.	424973
hydroid	One of the forms of individuals in the Hydrozoa, a class of solitary and colonial coelenterates, having a hollow cylindrical body closed at one end and with a mouth at the other surrounded by tentacles.	424973
manca	Larval (juvenile) stage of some isopods.	424973
cypris	The nonfeeding larval stage prior to metamorphosis into the cyprid (unknown source). Larval stage that follows the nauplius stage in cirripedes (Lawrence, 2005).	424973
hatchling
copepodite I	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the nauplius life stage; determined by 2 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite II	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite I life stage; determined by 3 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite III	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite II life stage; determined by 4 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite IV	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite III life stage; determined by 5 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite V	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite IV life stage; pre-adult stage; determined by enlargement of the urosome and development of sexual organs.	6961
copepodite VI	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite V life stage; adult stage; 5th leg is fully complete.	6961
gametophyte	The haploid sexual phase of a plant which exhibits an alternation of generations, from which gametes are produced, usually by mitotic division; the haploid gametophyte is typically formed by meiotic division of a diploid sporophyte q.v.; gamophyte; haplophyte.	416344
sporophyte	The diploid, spore-producing, asexual generation in the life cycle of a plant; typically formed by fusion of haploid gametes; diplophyte; synkaryophyte.	416344
macrothallus	The larger, conspicuous, phase in the life history of an organism, as contrasted with the microthallus.	200706
microthallus	The smaller, often inconspicuous, phase in the life history of an organisms, as contrasted with the marcrothallus.	380501
neonate	Newborn animal.	424973
1-year old	An animal that has reached the age of 1 year.
foetus	Mammalian embryo after the stage at which it becomes recognizable.	424973
podocyst	A cyst beneath the pedal discs of scyphozoan polyps.
polygastric	Main, asexual life stage of calycophoran siphonophores. The polygastric stage is comprised of an anterior nectophore and a posterior nectophore, joined together to form a functional swimming unit. This resembles the "adult" life stage in Calycophorae, although the term "adult" should not be used for Siphonophorae. Cf. Physonectae and Cystonectae, where this life stage is called "colony".	391288
eudoxid	Sexual stage of siphonophores.	391288
colony	Main, asexual life stage of physonect and cystonect siphonophores. This resembles the "adult" life stage in Physonectae and Cystonectae, although the term "adult" should not be used for Siphonophorae. cf. Calycophorae, where this life stage is called "polygastric".	391288
medusoid	A life stage resembling or developing into a medusa.	424973
cerinula	larval stage within Ceriantharia
pilidium	The characteristic helmet-shaped larva of nemertine worms.	424973
akinetes	Akinetes are resting cells that develop from solitary cells or after the fusion of two or more neighboring cells, and occur in several members of the Nostocales (Cyanobacteria) (Komárek and Johansen 2015, p. 138).	415851
resting spore	The diatom resting spores are first and foremost recognized by their heavily silicified frustules. The resting spore morphology of some species is similar to that of the corresponding vegetative cells, whereas in other species, the resting spores and the vegetative cells differ drastically. Diatom resting spores are normally formed as a response to unfavorable environmental conditions, and germination occurs when the conditions improve. Resting spore formation is common in centric, but rare in pennate marine planktonic diatoms (Hasle and Syvertsen 1997, p. 11).	238097
resting cyst	A dormant stage in which normal life processes are generally reduced (Fensome et al. 1993, p. 260).	415852
temporary cyst	A general term for nonmotile stages other than resting cysts (Dale 1983, p. 78).	415853
gametes	Haploid reproductive cell which, on fusion with another gamete produces a diploid cell (zygote) (Fensome et al. 1993, p. 254).	415852
auxospore	Large cell resulting from sexual reproduction or autogamy. In diatoms, they lack the rigid valve construction as other cells; instead, they are covered by delicate siliceous scales or bands (= perizonium) (Wehr et al. 2015, p. 964).	334095
copepodite stage not specified	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005).